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1.
Acta sci., Biol. sci ; 40: 40669-40669, 20180000. map, tab, graf, ilus
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1460827

ABSTRACT

Most changes in water bodies are result of human activities that have the potential to undermine the environmental integrity of aquatic ecosystems. Changes in genetic material can be evidenced by the frequency of nuclear abnormalities in fish blood cells, in response to genotoxic agents even at low concentrations. Thus, we aimed at comparing the frequencies of nuclear abnormalities of fish kept in acclimation, with fish collected in Timbó river (Santa Cruz do Timbó, Santa Catarina State), under low anthropogenic interference, and fish collected in Iguaçu river (União da Vitória, Paraná State), a polluted river. The highest frequency of changes in nuclear morphology of fish erythrocytes was found in the urbanized area around the Iguaçu river, while, the fish collected in areas with preserved riparian forest surrounding the Timbó river and acclimated fish showed no morphological changes. Our results suggest that genotoxic compounds in the Iguaçu river are acting as stressors to aquatic communities, especially fish. In addition, the absence of nuclear abnormalities in fish from the Timbó river suggests that rivers without significant environmental changes can serve as reference point for comparative studies of genetic modifications for the species studied.


A maioria das alterações dos corpos hídricos é resultante das atividades antrópicas que são prejudiciais à integridade ambiental dos ecossistemas aquáticos. Alterações no material genético podem ser evidenciadas pela frequência de anormalidades nucleares em peixes, em resposta a agentes genotóxicos, mesmo em baixas concentrações. Dessa forma, o estudo consistiu em comparar as frequências de anormalidades nucleares de peixes mantidos em aclimatação, com peixes coletados no rio Timbó (Santa Cruz do Timbó, Estado de Santa Catarina), local com pouca interferência antropogênica e, peixes coletados no rio Iguaçu (União da Vitória, Estado do Paraná), um rio poluído. As maiores frequências de alterações na morfologia nuclear dos eritrócitos dos peixes foram visualizadas na área urbanizada ao redor do rio Iguaçu, quando comparados com os peixes coletados em área com mata ciliar preservada, no rio Timbó, e os peixes aclimatados, que não apresentaram alterações morfológicas. Esses resultados sugerem que há compostos genotóxicos no trecho médio do rio Iguaçu que são estressores para os peixes. Além disso, a não observação de anormalidades nucleares no rio Timbó sugere que rios sem alterações ambientais podem servir como ponto de referência para estudos comparativos de modificações genéticas para a espécie estudada.


Subject(s)
Animals , Freshwater Biology , Characiformes/abnormalities , Characiformes/genetics , Ecotoxicology , Mutagenesis
2.
Neotrop. ichthyol ; 16(4)out. 2018. mapas, tab, tab
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-964077

ABSTRACT

The stable carbon isotopic variability and the contributions of autochthonous (sediment microbial biomass, phytoplankton, and periphyton) and allochthonous (soil microbial biomass) sources available to the detritivorous fish Prochilodus lineatus were investigated in three environments of the floodplain of the Upper Paraná River. The isotopic composition of carbon sources and fish varied significantly among the studied environments. The autochthonous resources, represented by the phytoplankton, were the most assimilated by the species, followed by periphyton and sediment microbial biomass. The species used the sources differently in each environment. This study suggests that the inherent characteristics of this area, as well as the size of the watershed, the dry season, anthropogenic actions, and phytoplankton productivity, favor the use of autochthonous resources by the species studied. Therefore, studies in the floodplain should employ an eco-hydrological approach that quantifies the magnitude of energy subsidies, as well as an access route to consumers, knowledge about the selectivity of detritivorous species and the effects of different land uses.(AU)


A variabilidade isotópica e as contribuições autóctones (biomassa microbiana do sedimento, fitoplâncton e perifíton) e alóctone (biomassa microbiana do solo) assim como as principais fontes de carbono para o peixe detritívoro Prochilodus lineatus foram investigadas em três diferentes ambientes, da planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná. A composição isotópica das fontes de carbono e dos consumidores variaram significativamente entre os ambientes estudados, e os recursos alóctones, representados pelo fitoplâncton, foram os mais utilizados pela espécie, seguido pelo perifíton e biomassa do sedimento microbiano. A espécie utilizou fontes de carbono distintas em cada ambiente. Este estudo sugere que características inerentes a cada ambiente, assim como o tamanho do ambiente, o período de seca, ações antropogênicas e produtividade do fitoplâncton favorecem o uso dos recursos alóctones pela espécie estudada. Portanto, estudos na planície de inundação devem empregar uma abordagem eco-hidrológicas que quantifique a magnitude dos subsídios energéticos, bem como as vias energéticas aos consumidores, o conhecimento acerca da seletividade das espécies de detritívoros e o efeito dos diferentes usos da terra.(AU)


Subject(s)
Animals , Biomass , Freshwater Biology/classification , Characiformes/metabolism , Isotopes
3.
Neotrop. ichthyol ; 15(2): e160125, 2017. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-955181

ABSTRACT

Food webs are not static entities; consumer resource interactions vary in both time and space, which complicates depiction and comparisons of food web structures. We estimated fish assemblage structure and diets in two clear-water streams in the Venezuelan Llanos region (Charcote and Charcotico) and constructed trophic networks (sub-webs defined by fishes as the principal consumers) during four periods of the annual flood pulse. As stream conditions changed from high-water to low-water, we hypothesized that: 1) the piscivore-non-piscivore ratio would increase; 2) dietary diversity would decrease; 3) interspecific dietary overlap would decline; 4) fewer allochthonous food items would be consumed; and 5) food-web connectance would increase. The piscivore-non-piscivore abundance ratio was higher in both streams during the low-water period. Dietary diversity declined as water levels dropped and availability of aquatic habitats and resources declined, but interspecific dietary overlap was not lower. Contrary to our hypothesis, average interspecific dietary overlap increased at Charcote as the dry season progressed, even though dietary overlap among species was significantly lower than expected by chance. We did not find strong support for our hypotheses regarding seasonal patterns of consumption of allochthonous resources and food web connectance, both of which revealed little seasonal variation.(AU)


Redes alimentares não são entidades estáticas; interações entre consumidores e recursos variam no tempo e no espaço, o que complica as representações das estruturas de redes alimentares. Nós estimamos a estrutura da assembléia de peixes e dieta em dois riachos de água clara na região venezuelana dos Llanos (Charcote e Charcotico) e construímos redes tróficas (sub-redes definidas por peixes como os principais consumidores) para quatro períodos do pulso anual de inundação. À medida que as condições dos riachos mudam de águas altas para águas baixas, nós hipotetizamos que: 1) a razão piscívoros e não piscívoros irá aumentar; 2) a diversidade da dieta irá diminuir; 3) a sobreposição alimentar interespecífica irá diminuir; 4) menos itens alimentares alóctones serão consumidos; e 5) a conectância da teia alimentar irá aumentar. A razão da abundância de piscívoros e não piscívoros foi maior em ambos riachos durante a estação de águas baixas. A diversidade da dieta declinou à medida que as águas baixavam e a disponibilidade de habitats aquáticos e recursos declinavam, mas a sobreposição alimentar interespecífica não foi menor. Contrária à nossa hipótese, a média de sobreposição alimentar interespecífica aumentou no Charcote à medida que a estação cheia progrediu, mesmo com a sobreposição alimentar significativamente menor do que o esperado ao acaso. Não encontramos forte suporte para nossas hipóteses relacionadas aos padrões sazonais de consumo de recursos alóctones e conectância da cadeia trófica, os quais revelaram pouca variação sazonal.(AU)


Subject(s)
Animals , Seasons , Trophic Levels/analysis , Freshwater Biology/trends , Fishes/metabolism
4.
Acta sci., Biol. sci ; 37(3): 281-289, jul.-set. 2015. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-847315

ABSTRACT

The construction of reservoirs imposes substantial impact on freshwater ecosystems and changes the ecological aspects of the lotic system downstream of dams. We hypothesized an increasing dissimilarity between communities in the sampling sites according to increasing distance from the Porto Primavera Dam. In addition, we expect that the rotifer community in the last sampling site will be influenced more by environmental variables related to trophic status. Samplings were conducted under the water surface of ten sites on the Paraná River in August 2013. Environmental variables were also determined. The highest number of taxa belonged to families Brachionidae, Lecanidae and Trichocercidae. The most abundant species was observed to Synchaeta oblonga, Keratella cochlearis, Brachionus calyciflorus. The species dissimilarity between sampling sites, tested using the Sorensen index, showed high dissimilarity between sampling sites. Redundancy analysis indicated a significant relationship between environmental variables (total phosphorus and ammonia) and abundance of Brachionus calyciflorus and Keratella cochlearis, in the last sampling site. Our results suggest a greater dissimilarity between the rotifer communities according to increasing distance from the Porto Primavera Dam. In addition, a higher influence of the environmental variables related to trophic conditions was observed in the last sampling site, and influenced indirectly the occurrence and abundance of some rotifer species, due to increased availability of food resources, confirming the predicted hypothesis.


A construção de reservatórios impõe considerável impacto sobre os ecossistemas de água doce e altera os aspectos ecológicos do sistema lótico a jusante das barragens. A hipótese foi que ocorrerá maior dissimilaridade entre as comunidades nos pontos amostrados à medida que se afastam da barragem de Porto Primavera. Espera-se, ainda, que a comunidade de rotíferos do último ponto de amostragem seja mais influenciada pelas variáveis ambientais relacionadas à trofia. As amostragens foram realizadas à subsuperfície da região pelágica em dez pontos no rio Paraná no mês de agosto de 2013. As espécies mais abundantes foram Synchaeta oblonga, Keratella cochlearis, Brachionus calyciflorus. As variáveis ambientais também foram determinadas. O maior número de táxons registrados pertenceu às famílias Brachionidae, Lecanidae e Trichocercidae. A similaridade da composição de espécies calculada de acordo com o índice de Sorensen registrou elevada dissimilaridade entre os pontos amostrados. A análise de redundância constatou a relação significativa entre as variáveis ambientais (fósforo total e amônia) e a abundância de Brachionus calyciflorus e Keratella cochlearis, no último ponto de amostragem. Nossos resultados sugerem que ocorreu maior dissimilaridade entre as comunidades de rotíferos à medida que se afastam da barragem de Porto Primavera. Além disso, foi observada maior influência das variáveis ambientais relacionadas às condições tróficas no último ponto de amostragem, e influenciou indiretamente a ocorrência e abundância das espécies de rotíferos, por causa do aumento da disponibilidade de recursos alimentares, corroborando com a hipótese predita.


Subject(s)
Environment , Freshwater Biology , Water Reservoirs , Rotifera
5.
Indian J Exp Biol ; 2014 Mar; 52(3): 267-280
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-150357

ABSTRACT

The monogenean ectoparasite, Dactylogyrus sp. is a major pathogen in freshwater aquaculture. The immune responses in parasitized fish were analyzed by quantitation of innate immune factors (natural agglutinin level, haemolysin titre, antiprotease, lysozyme and myeloperoxidase activities) in serum and immune-relevant gene expression in gill and anterior kidney. The antiprotease activity and natural agglutinin level were found to be significantly higher and lysozyme activity was significantly lower in parasitized fish. Most of the genes viz., β2-microglobulin (β2M), major histocompatibility complex I (MHCI), MHCII, tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and toll-like receptor 22 (TLR22) in gill samples were significantly down-regulated in the experimental group. In the anterior kidney, the expression of superoxide dismutase and interleukin 1β (IL1β) were significantly up-regulated whereas a significant down regulation of MHCII and TNFα was also observed. The down-regulation of most of the genes viz, MHCI, β2M, MHCII, TLR22 and TNFα in infected gills indicated a well evolved mechanism in this parasite to escape the host immune response. The modulation of innate and adaptive immunity by this parasite can be further explored to understand host susceptibility.


Subject(s)
Animals , Cyprinidae/genetics , Cyprinidae/immunology , Cyprinidae/parasitology , Down-Regulation , Ectoparasitic Infestations/immunology , Ectoparasitic Infestations/parasitology , Freshwater Biology , Immunity, Innate/genetics , Transcriptome/immunology
6.
Neotrop. ichthyol ; 11(2): 275-284, jun. 2013. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-679336

ABSTRACT

A new species of Gephyrocharax is described from the río Cascajales basin, a tributary of the río La Colorada, río Magdalena system, Colombia. The new species is distinguished from its congeners, except G. melanocheir, by the absence of an adipose fin in most specimens and by the possession of a lateral branched pectoral-fin ray in males with a distal fan-shaped structure with minute bony hooks and a dark blotch or a few scattered dark brown chromatophores along its branches. The new species differs from G. melanocheir by the absence of an intense black pigmentation at the base of the anterior five dorsal-fin rays, the number of vertebrae (40-41 vs. 38-39), the frontals contacting each other anterior to the epiphyseal bar in adults (vs. the absence of contact), the posterior margin of the mesethmoid straight in its central portion (vs. strongly concave at this point), the pouch scale of mature males reaching caudal-fin ray 11 or the area between caudal-fin rays 11 and 12 (vs. reaching only to caudal-fin ray 10 or the area between caudal-fin rays 9 and 10), the number of minute terminal branches of the lateral branched pectoral-fin ray of mature males (60-88 vs. 28-54), a longer black lateral stripe along the body in males (reaching to the base of the caudal-fin rays vs. reaching the middle of the length of the caudal peduncle), and the snout length (28.3-31.8% HL vs. 22.2-28.0% HL). The diagnosis of Gephyrocharax is modified to include species with the adipose fin variably present.


Una nueva especie del género Gephyrocharax se describe para la cuenca del río Cascajales, tributario del río La Colorada, sistema del río Magdalena, Colombia. La nueva especie se distingue de sus congéneres, excepto G. melanocheir, por la ausencia de aleta adiposa en la mayoría de los individuos y por la presencia del radio ramificado lateral de la aleta pectoral con una estructura distal en forma de abanico, la cual tiene ganchos óseos diminutos y una mancha difusa oscura o unos pocos cromatóforos pardos oscuros a lo largo de sus ramificaciones. La nueva especie difiere de G. melanocheir por la ausencia de una intensa pigmentación negra sobre la base de los cinco radios anteriores de la aleta dorsal, el número de vértebras (40-41 vs. 38-39), los frontales contactando entre sí anteriormente a la barra epifisaria en adultos (vs. la ausencia de contacto), el margen posterior del mesetmoides recto en su porción central (vs. fuertemente cóncavo en este punto), la extensión dorsal de la escama-bolsillo de machos maduros alcanzando el radio caudal 11 o el área entre los radios caudales 11 y 12 (vs. alcanzando el radio caudal 10 o el área entre los radios caudales 9 y 10), el número de ramificaciones terminales diminutas del radio ramificado lateral de la aleta pectoral (60-88 vs. 28-54), la línea negra lateral sobre el cuerpo en machos más alargada (alcanzando la base de los radios de la aleta caudal vs. alcanzando la mitad de la longitud del pedúnculo caudal), y la longitud del hocico (28,3-31,8% LC vs. 22,2-28,0% LC). Modificamos la diagnosis de Gephyrocharax incluyendo especies con o sin aleta adiposa.


Subject(s)
Animals , Freshwater Biology/classification , Characiformes/anatomy & histology , Characiformes/classification , Species Specificity
7.
Neotrop. ichthyol ; 11(2): 297-306, jun. 2013. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-679339

ABSTRACT

A new species of Serrasalmidae, Tometes camunani, is described from the upper drainages of the rio Trombetas basin, Pará State, Brazil. The new species is distinguished from its congeners by having neurocranium with a slight concavity at the level of the frontal bone (vs. concavity absent, dorsal profile of neurocranium straight). It can be further distinguished from its congeners by having teeth with central cusp taller and acute (vs. central cusp shorter and with rounded edge in T. trilobatus), a terminal mouth (vs. upturned mouth in T. lebaili), and 12-26 prepelvic spines (vs. 0-9 in T. makue). The new species is strictly rheophilic like other species of Tometes, and occurs exclusively in the rapids of shield rivers, complex and fragile biotopes that are threatened by anthropogenic activities. An identification key to the species of the Myleus group is provided.


Uma espécie nova de Serrasalmidae, Tometes camunani, é descrita para as drenagens superiores da bacia do rio Trombetas, estado do Pará, Brasil. A espécie nova distingue-se dos congêneres pela presença de uma ligeira concavidade no neurocrânio na altura do frontal (vs. concavidade ausente, perfil dorsal do neurocrânio reto). Também pode ser adicionalmente distinguido dos seus congêneres por possuir dentes com a cúspide central mais alta e cume agudo (vs. cúspide central mais baixa e com cume arredondado em T. trilobatus), a boca terminal (vs. boca orientada para cima em T. lebaili), e 12-26 espinhos pré-pélvicos (vs. 0-9 em T. makue). A espécie nova é estritamente reofílica, como as demais espécies de Tometes, e ocorre exclusivamente nas zonas encachoeiradas dos rios de escudo, biótopos complexos, frágeis e ameaçados por ações antropogênicas. Uma chave de identificação para as espécies do grupo Myleus é apresentada.


Subject(s)
Animals , Freshwater Biology/classification , Characiformes/classification , Fishes/classification , Characiformes/anatomy & histology , Species Specificity
8.
Neotrop. ichthyol ; 11(2): 291-296, jun. 2013. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-679346

ABSTRACT

In this paper we describe a new species of Astyanax collected in the Atlantic Rainforest, in tributaries to the rio Cubatão, coastal basin of the Paraná State, Brazil. The new species presents a combination of characters that allows its allocation in the A. scabripinnis species complex and differs from congeners by the possession of 18 to 22 branched anal-fin rays; 40 to 43 perforated scales in lateral line; dentary teeth decreasing abruptly in size from the fifth tooth; 15 to 17 circumpeduncular series of scales and two vertical humeral spots.


Nesse trabalho é descrita uma espécie nova de Astyanax coletada na Floresta Atlântica, em tributários do rio Cubatão, bacia costeira do estado do Paraná, Brasil. A espécie nova possui uma combinação de caracteres que permite sua inclusão no complexo A. scabripinnis e difere das congêneres por apresentar 18 a 22 raios ramificados na nadadeira anal; 40 a 43 escamas perfuradas na linha lateral; dentes do dentário reduzindo de tamanho abruptamente a partir do quinto dente; 15 a 17 séries de escamas circumpedunculares e duas manchas umerais verticais.


Subject(s)
Animals , Freshwater Biology/classification , Characiformes/anatomy & histology , Characiformes/classification , Phylogeny , Species Specificity
9.
Neotrop. ichthyol ; 11(2): 307-318, jun. 2013. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-679348

ABSTRACT

Eugerres castroaguirrei, new species is described from the río Grijalva-Usumacinta basin of southeastern Mexico and northern Guatemala. Eugerres castroaguirrei and E. mexicanus are distinguishable from their marine estuarine congeners by the dorsal-fin origin posterior to the insertion of the pectoral and pelvic fins, a shorter and broad based supraoccipital crest, and a distinct geographic distribution restricted to freshwater habitats. Eugerres castroaguirrei differs from E. mexicanus by diagnostic characters of the body skeleton: anterior process of supraoccipital convex, infraorbital 1 with foramen, premaxillary ascending process developed with margins curved, pharyngeal plate granular and not serially arranged, and dorsal and anal fin-rays reduced. Likewise, E. castroaguirrei is characterized by an oblong and laterally thicker body (37.6-58.5% HL); greater body depth (33.8-42.1% SL), and eye diameter (23.3-31.6% HL); in addition to 16 significant morphometric characters: length of the second dorsal-fin spine 23.2-34.2% SL; depressed second dorsal-fin spine (extending to base of third to fourth dorsal-fin rays); length of second anal-fin spine 11.1-20.6% SL, depressed second anal-fin spine extending to the base of third to fourth anal-fin rays not reaching the distal point of last anal-fin ray; pelvic-fin spine length 49.7-65.0% in the first pelvic-fin ray length.


Eugerres castroaguirrei, es descrita como especie nueva de la cuenca del sistema de ríos Grijalva-Usumacinta, en el sureste de México y norte de Guatemala. Eugerres castroaguirrei y E. mexicanus se distinguen de sus congéneres marino estuarinos por el origen de su aleta dorsal que es posterior a la inserción de las aletas pectorales y pélvicas, así como por su cresta supraoccipital de longitud corta y base amplia, además de una distribución restringida a ambientes dulceacuícolas. Eugerres castroaguirrei se distingue de E. mexicanus mediante caracteres óseos diagnósticos como: proceso anterior del supraoccipital convexo, presencia de un foramen en el infraorbital 1, proceso ascendente del premaxilar desarrollado y con márgenes curvos, las placas faríngeas con dientes granulares desarreglados y los soportes de las aletas dorsal y anal reducidos. Asimismo, E. castroaguirrei se caracteriza por tener un cuerpo alargado y lateralmente comprimido cuyo grosor representa 37.6-58.5% de la longitud cefálica [LC]; la altura del cuerpo comprendida entre 33.8-42.1% de la longitud patrón [LP] y el diámetro ocular 23.3-31.6 % de la LC; además de 16 caracteres de tipo morfométrico: longitud de la segunda espina dorsal que representa 23.2-34.2% de la LP; segunda espina dorsal que cuando esta plegada se extiende hasta la base del tercer y cuarto radio dorsal; longitud de la segunda espina anal que comprende 11.1-20.6% de la LP; segunda espina anal que plegada se extiende hasta la base del tercer y cuarto radio anal, aunque no alcanza la porción distal del último radio anal; y la longitud de la espina de la aleta pélvica que comprende 49.7-65.0% de la longitud del primer radio pélvico.


Subject(s)
Animals , Freshwater Biology/classification , Perciformes/anatomy & histology , Perciformes/growth & development
10.
Iranian Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering. 2011; 8 (4): 325-332
in English | IMEMR | ID: emr-124815

ABSTRACT

Malathion was used in vivo on fresh water fish Labeo rohita to study its toxicity. The acute toxicity tests were conducted during certain intervals in various concentrations [5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 mg/L] of malathion. The physical and chemical analyses of water were carried out by following APHA methods. While treating with malathion, the percentage of fish mortality was assessed during 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours. The lethal and sub-lethal concentration of malathion were found to be LC[100] [25 mg/L] and LC[0] [5 mg/L], respectively. The antioxidant enzyme activity [Catalase 43.1 +/- 2.3, 16.5 +/- 0.57, 23.9 +/- 0.17 micro moles of phenol liberated/min/100mg protein and Glutathion-S-transferase [GST] 270.5 +/- 0.16, 143.2 +/- 1.03, 215.5 +/- 0.72 micro moles of phenol liberated/min/100mg protein], in the liver, muscle and gill, respectively increased during the accumulation of malathion, whereas it decreased [Catalase 17 +/- 1.44, 7.9 +/- 0.23, 10.7 +/- 0.69 micro moles of phenol liberated/min/100mg protein and GST 219.5 +/- 1.12, 108.1 +/- 0.34, 160.2 +/- 0.46 micro moles of phenol liberated/min/100mg protein] during depuration period. The effects of malathion resulted in the gradual decrease of nucleic acids, protein, free amino acids [FAA] and glycogen. During recovery period, the levels of biochemical components progressively increased indicating a probable recovery from the disruption of internal organ. Hence, the pesticide intoxication has made a disturbance in normal functioning of cells with significant alterations in the fundamental biochemical mechanisms of fish. It suggests that the continuous exposure of pesticide leads to abnormal changes causing fish to death


Subject(s)
Animals , Water Pollutants, Chemical , Insecticides/toxicity , Freshwater Biology , Fishes , Toxicity Tests, Acute
12.
Iranian Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering. 2010; 7 (4): 299-306
in English | IMEMR | ID: emr-109475

ABSTRACT

Aquatic macrophytes are known to accumulate various heavy metals in their biomass. This accumulation is often accompanied by physiological changes which can be used in biomonitoring for aquatic pollution. In this study, the impact of copper [Cu] on the growth of the duckweed Lemna minor, followed by its removal, was studied with 0.1-1.0 mg/L of Cu in a quarter Coic and Lesaint solution at pH=6.1. In order to verify duckweed tolerance to Cu, photosynthesis was measured at the maximal concentration which caused no effect on the plant growth. The results showed that copper inhibited Lemna growth at concentrations >/= 0.3 mg/L. At 0.2 mg/L, the final biomass was approximately four times greater than the initial biomass. Analysis of metal concentration in water showed that Lemna minor was responsible for the removal of 26% of Cu from the solution. In the presence of Cu, respiration was reduced, while photosynthesis increased considerably. Net photosynthesis approximately increased three times compared to the control. Copper was responsible for 130-290% increase in the photosynthetic activities. These results suggested that Lemna minor could be a good tool for the evaluation of copper pollution in biomonitoring programs


Subject(s)
Freshwater Biology , Fresh Water , Environmental Monitoring , Growth , Photosynthesis , Plants , Biomass , Respiration
13.
Acta amaz ; 37(2): 303-308, jun. 2007. graf, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-462062

ABSTRACT

A variação periódica do nível das águas é o principal fator que determina a comunidade de organismos aquáticos presente em rios com planícies alagadas. Muitos estudos na Amazônia são desenvolvidos nas várzeas próximas à cidade de Manaus, mas, comparações entre essas informações são dificultadas pela ausência de padronização na denominação das diferentes etapas do ciclo de cheia-seca. Este trabalho teve como objetivo a identificação e a padronização da nomenclatura das diferentes fases do ciclo hidrológico para possibilitar análises que envolvam resultados de mais de um ano e de mais de um local. Os dados do nível da água do rio Negro, coletados no porto de Manaus foram utilizados para o desenvolvimento da metodologia. São propostos valores da cota do rio Negro para limitar os quatro períodos hidrológicos (enchente, cheia, vazante e seca) e definir a intensidade da cheia e da seca. O número de dias de cada um dos períodos hidrológicos foi obtido e foi estimada a duração para períodos considerados típicos, longos e curtos. Considerando que modificações abióticas e bióticas do meio estão relacionadas com as mudanças no nível da água, a identificação e a padronização da nomenclatura dos períodos hidrológicos mostraram-se extremamente úteis para uma primeira análise de informações biológicas dos organismos da várzea.


Seasonal variations of the water level is the most important factor in determining the community of aquatic organisms present in flooded areas in the Amazon. Many scientific projects developed in this region were and still are being carried out in flooded areas near the city of Manaus; however, data can rarely be compared due to a non-standardized nomenclature used to describe the various phases of the flood pulse. The present paper aims to identify and standardize the terminology used to define a hydrological cycle with the purpose of allowing for the analysis of data from different places and multiple years. Serial data of the Negro River water height taken from the local harbor was considered for the estimations. Values of the water height are proposed in order to define the four hydrological periods (rising, flood, lowing, dry) and the intensity of flood and dry periods. A typical, long and short hydrological period was also defined in number of days based on the duration of each period. Considering that environmental abiotic and biotic modifications are related to water level fluctuation, the standardization of the hydrological nomenclature may become a useful tool for ecological data analysis.


Subject(s)
Amazonian Ecosystem , Freshwater Biology , Water Cycle
14.
Acta amaz ; 37(4): 629-633, 2007. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-476616

ABSTRACT

Pirarucu (Arapaima gigas) is an obligatory air-breathing fish from the Amazon basin. Previous study showed that pirarucu juveniles present a latency period in their response to moderate stress (transportation). Therefore the objective of this study was to verify the effects of a prolonged air exposure stress in lactate, glucose, cortisol, haematocrit, haemoglobin, and liver glycogen in pirarucu. Thirty-six fish were handled by netting and subjected to air exposure for 75-min. Six fish were sampled before handling and at 0, 6, 24, 48, and 96h after handling. Fish cortisol, lactate and haematocrit rose after handling, returning to previous unstressed values on the following sampling (6h after handling). Glucose increased significantly after handling and that was maintained for 24 h. There were no changes in haemoglobin and liver glycogen as a consequence of handling. The results demonstrate a quick response when exposed to an acute stressor and a fast recovery, suggesting that pirarucu does not use their glycogen reserves during an acute stress. The results suggest that pirarucu exhibit physiological stress responses to handling similar in magnitude to those previously documented for many teleostean fishes, including salmonids.


O pirarucu (Arapaima gigas) é um peixe de respiração aérea obrigatória da bacia Amazônica. Estudo prévio demonstrou que juvenis de pirarucu apresentam um período de latência em sua resposta de estresse a um estresse moderado (transporte). Desta forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi verificar os efeitos de uma exposição aérea prolongada no lactato, glicose, cortisol, hematócrito, hemoglobina e glicogênio do fígado em pirarucu. Trinta e seis peixes foram manuseados com um puçá e expostos ao ar por 75-min. Seis peixes foram amostrados antes do manuseio e 0, 6, 24, 48, e 96h após o manuseio. O cortisol, lactato e hematócrito aumentaram após o manuseio, retornando para valores semelhantes ao de antes do manuseio na amostragem seguinte (6 h após o manuseio). A glicose aumentou significativamente após o manuseio e o aumento se manteve até a amostragem de 24h. Não houve mudança significativa na hemoglobina e no glicogênio como conseqüência do manuseio. Os resultados demonstram que o pirarucu apresenta uma rápida resposta e uma rápida recuperação quando exposto a um estressor agudo e sugerem que o pirarucu não usa suas reservas de glicogênio nesta situação. Os resultados indicam que o pirarucu apresenta uma resposta fisiológica de estresse similar em magnitude com muitos outros teleósteos, incluindo os salmonídeos.


Subject(s)
Stress, Physiological , Hydrocortisone , Amazonian Ecosystem , Lactic Acid , Freshwater Biology , Fishes , Glucose , Glycogen
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